Hawking challanged on the role of black holes in the universe.

Contrary to the Hawking theorem new type of atoms made of black holes,called Holeums,were formed in the BigBang universe.They resolve the enigmas of the Dark Matter and the Domain Walls of modern cosmology.Their gravitational radiation can be detected by the gravitational wave detectors like LIGO,VIRGO etc. being built in the U.S.A. and elsewhere.

Hawking challenged on the role of the black holes in the universe

Two scientists at the new Chavda Research Institute at Surat in India have pointed out that contrary to the famous theorem of Hawking submicroscopic primordial black holes may have survived in the form of stable atoms of such black holes. They also resolve the dark-matter and the domain-walls enigmas of modern cosmology. They predict new type of gravitational waves testable by the gravitational wave detectors being built in the U.S.A. and Europe.

These findings were published in the June 7,2002 issue of the British journal Classical and Quantum Gravity in a paper written by Dr. L. K. Chavda and Abhijit Chavda. Dr. Chavda is a member of the Society of Sigma Xi , the U.S. National Science Honor Society . He is a winner of the G. W. Tautfest Memorial Award for the best Ph.D. thesis in High Energy Physics at the Purdue university ranked fifteenth in the U.S.A. He is a coauthor of the Chan-Chavda Sum Rule in High Energy Physics,a coauthor of the exact asymptotic solution to the famous Implosion Problem and the author of two theorems on laser-induced fusion. The latter two have been cited by the Federation of the American Scientists in their bibliography of the Indian Nuclear Weapons Development. All search engines on the internet have an exclusive web page on him. Abhijit Chavda has an M.Sc. degree in physics from the Mumbai university.

The Hawking theorem violates the principle of nuclear democracy as applied to the submicroscopic primordial black holes. It also implies that nature produced vast quantity of primordial black holes merely to fritter them away without assigning them any definite role to play in the evolution and the constitution of the universe. In contradistinction to this, all other primordial particles such as the quarks, the electrons, the protons etc. produced similarly in the early universe, have had definite and important roles to play. This is very enigmatic since nature is neither frivolous nor spendthrift. This may be called the role-enigma for the primordial black holes. Its resolution comes from the role of the unstable neutron in nuclear physics. An isolated neutron in a force-free environment decays by a force called the weak force. This instability, however, does not prevent it from forming, in association with the protons, absolutely stable nuclei like those of carbon and nitrogen. This is because the conditions of isolation and force-free environment do not obtain inside a stable nucleus. In fact, the weak force responsible for the decay is completely overwhelmed by the strong nuclear force that keeps such a nucleus together. Hence neutrons in stable nuclei never decay. In the very early universe all the four fundamental forces of nature were equally strong. This means that the gravitational force was nearly forty orders of magnitude (one followed by forty zeros) stronger than what it is today.

Extreme overcrowding of the black holes and such an enormously stronger gravitational force suppressed the Hawking radiation in the early universe. Moreover, the rate of the gravitational interactions among the black holes exceeded the rate of expansion of the early universe for a certain length of time during which sufficiently large number of primordial black holes were present in close proximity enabling them to form hydrogen-like atoms of black holes called the Holeums. In other words, the conditions in the early universe were suppressive of the Hawking radiation and supportive of Holeum formation. However, stable Holeums were formed only if the primordial black holes had a mass less than about a hundred-thousandths of a gram. The most curious thing about a Holeum is that although made of black holes it is not a black hole. It occupies space just like the particles of ordinary matter. In fact, a Holeum is a gravitational avatar of a hydrogen atom. Just as an excited hydrogen atom gives-off an electromagnetic radiation an excited Holeum gives-off an identical spectrum of gravitational radiation. But the latter cannot be detected because of our lack of gravitational wave detectors. As a result, a Holeum is invisible today. A plane made of Holeums would be completely invisible today. A Holeum has only the gravitational force, the weakest among the four fundamental forces of nature, while the particles of ordinary matter have all the four. This tends to segregate the Holeums from the particles of ordinary matter. This results in the formation of haloes of Holeums around the galaxies. Vast clouds of Holeums surround the galaxies in the form of haloes. They constitute the invisible or the dark matter in the present day universe. This is in accord with the experimental observation of haloes of dark matter around the galaxies. This is the solution of the dark- matter enigma of the modern cosmology. Current theories of particle physics and cosmology cannot account for this dark matter.

The third enigma, called the domain-walls enigma, concerns the non-observation of the domain walls predicted by the standard model of cosmology. The latter predicts that the universe is divided into large domains separated by domain walls. But no such walls have been observed. The segregation tendency of the Holeums mentioned above offers a natural explanation for the domain walls, too. And since the Holeums are invisible so are the domain walls. Thus, in trying to address the role-enigma for the black holes created by Hawkings theorem the dark-matter enigma and the domain-walls enigma, too, have been solved. The Holeum idea provides the common explanation for all three enigmas. This is a synthesis expected of a good theory. In the process the Holeums and hence the primordial black holes have emerged as the Prima Donnas of our universe in the sense that they constitute a major part of the dark matter which is about five times the ordinary one.